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1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©¶õ?
1.1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 16
1.2. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ Çʿ伺 18
1.3. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥ 20
1.4. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò 20
1.5. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© À¯Çü 21
1.6. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ Æ¯¼º 23
°¡. ´Ù¾ç¼º°ú ´ÜÀϼº(Biological diversity vs Standardization) 23
³ª. °ø°³¼º°ú Æó¼â¼º(Open access vs Privacy protection) 23
´Ù. ºÐ¸®¿Í ÅëÇÕ(Backup storage vs Networking) 24
2. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© µ¿Çâ
2.1. ±¹³» ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© »ç¾÷ µ¿Çâ 28
°¡. ±¹°¡ »ý¸íÀÚ¿ø È®º¸¤ý°ü¸® ¹× È°¿ë ¸¶½ºÅÍÇ÷£ 28
³ª. º¸°Çº¹Áö°¡Á·ºÎ ÀÎüÀ¯·¡ÀÚ¿ø Á¾ÇÕ°ü¸® ¹æ¾È 29
´Ù. ±¹³» ÀÎüÀÚ¿øÀºÇà 30
(1) Áúº´°ü¸®º»ºÎ »ý¹°ÀÚ¿øÀºÇà (Çѱ¹ÀÎüÀÚ¿øÁß¾ÓÀºÇà) 30
(2) ±¹¸³¾Ï¼¾ÅÍ Á¾¾çÀºÇà 31
(3) Áúº´À¯Àüü¿¬±¸¼¾ÅÍ(12°³) 31
(4) ¾à¹° À¯Àüü ¿¬±¸ »ç¾÷´Ü 31
(5) ±¹°¡¿¬±¸¼ÒÀçÀºÇà 31
(6) Çѱ¹¼¼Æ÷ÁÖÀºÇà 31
2.2. ÇØ¿Ü ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© 32
°¡. ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµåÀÇ deCODE 32
³ª. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ UK Biobank 34
´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ National Biospecimen Network(NBN) 35
¶ó. ¿¡½ºÅä´Ï¾ÆÀÇ Estonian Genome Project(EGP) 36
¸¶. ÀϺ»ÀÇ Biobank Japan 36
¹Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© »ç¾÷ 36
»ç. ¼¼Æ÷ÀÚ¿øÀºÇà(cell repositories) 40
(1) ECACC(European collection of cell cultures) 40
(2) DSMZ(German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) 42
(3) ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 44
(4) Coriell(The Coriell Institute for Medical Research) 45
(5) NLGIP(National Laboratory for the Genetics of Israeli
Populations) 47
(6) HSRRB(Health Science Research Resources Bank) 48
2.3. ±âŸ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© 49
°¡. ´ëÇаú ºñ¿µ¸®´ÜüÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© 50
³ª. »ó¾÷¿ë ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© 51
(1) Oxagen(Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom) 51
(2) Galileo Genomics(St. Laurent, Quebec, Canada) 51
(3) Ardais(GulfStream Bioinformatics, Lexington, USA) 52
(4) SeraCare Life Sciences(Milford, MA, USA) 52
(5) Asterand(USA) 52
(6) ILSbio(USA) 53
(7) BioStorage Technologies(USA) 53
3. À±¸®Àû, ¹ýÀû, »çȸÀû À̽´ (ELSI)
3.1. ELSIÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 55
3.2. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã À±¸® ¹× ¹ý·ü 57
°¡. »ý¸íÀ±¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ ±¹Á¦ °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ 57
(1) ´µ¸¥º£¸£Å© °·É 58
(2) Çï½ÌÅ° ¼±¾ð 58
(3) º§¸óÆ® º¸°í¼ 59
(4) UNESCOÀÇ ¼±¾ð 60
(5) CIOMS Áöħ 61
³ª. ±¹³»¿Ü °¢±¹ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã ¹ý·ü 61
(1) Çѱ¹ÀÇ »ý¸í¿¬±¸ÀÚ¿ø °ü·Ã ¹ý·ü 61
(2) ¿¬±¸¿ë ½Ã·á »ç¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ý·ü ü°è 62
(3) À¯·´±Ç¿ªÀÇ ¹ý·ü°ú ±ÔÁ¦ 64
(4) ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Human Tissue Act¿Í UK Biobank EGF 64
(5) ½º¿þµ§ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹ý·ü 65
(6) ±âŸ 69
3.3. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã ÁÖ¿ä ELSI ÇàÀ§ 69
°¡. µ¿ÀÇ(Consent) 69
(1) Traditional informed consent 69
(2) Presumed consent 70
(3) Balanced informed consent 71
(4) Tiered consent 71
(5) Broad /general consent 72
(6) Open consent 73
(7) Blanket consent 74
³ª. »ç»ýÈ° º¸È£(Privacy)¿Í ±â¹ÐÀ¯Áö(Confidentiality) 75
(1) °³³ä ¹× Á¤ÀÇ 7
(2) ½Å¿øÁ¤º¸ º¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ ½Ã·áÀÇ À͸íÈ(anonymization) 76
´Ù. ÁöÀûÀç»ê±Ç(Intellectual property) 78
¶ó. ¹ÙÀ̹ðÅ© ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÀÌ¿ë±ÇÇÑ°ú ºÐ¾ç¿øÄ¢ 80
¸¶. ±âŸ À̽´ 81
4. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã Áöħ
4.1. °³¿ä 85
4.2. °ü·Ã Áöħ 86
°¡. OECD Áöħ¼ 86
³ª. ISBER ¸ð¹ü½ÇÇàÁöħ 88
´Ù. NCI °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ 93
¶ó. UK Biobank °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ 94
(1) °ø¿©ÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è(Relationship with participants) 95
(2) ¿¬±¸ÀÚ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è(Relationship with research users) 96
¸¶. NBN °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ 97
5. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã Ç¥ÁØ ¹× ÀÎÁõ
5.1. ISO Ç¥ÁØ ¹× ÀÎÁõ 105
°¡. ISO 9001 107
³ª. ISO 11179 108
´Ù. ISO 17025 109
¶ó. ISO 15189 110
¸¶. ISO Guide 34 111
5.2. ±âŸ ÀÎÁõ 111
°¡. CLIA 111
³ª. AABB 112
´Ù. COLA 112
¶ó. AATB 112
¸¶. CAP 113
Á¦ 2 Àå. ÀÎüÀÚ¿ø °ü¸® ½Ç¹«
1. ½Ã·áÀÇ ¼öÁý
1.1. äÇ÷½Ã °í·Á»çÇ× 117
°¡. Ç×ÀÀ°íÁ¦ÀÇ À¯Çüº° Ư¼º 117
³ª. ¿¬±¸¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¸¥ ¿ëµµº° Ç×ÀÀ°íÁ¦ ¼±Åà 121
1.2. ½Ã·áó¸® ¼Ò¿ä½Ã°£°ú ¿Âµµ 124
1.3. ÀúÀå¿Âµµ 124
1.4. Ç÷¾×¼öÁý°úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç·Ê¼Ò°³(UK Biobank) 125
1.5. ¼ö¼Û°úÁ¤ 126
2. ½Ã·áÀÇ ÀúÀå
2.1. ÀúÀå¹æ¹ý 132
°¡. ½À½Ä ³Ãµ¿ÀúÀå 132
(1) DNA ½Ã·áÀÇ ÀúÀå 132
(2) ¼¼Æ÷ ½Ã·áÀÇ ÀúÀå 134
³ª. °Ç½Ä ½Ç¿ÂÀúÀå 135
(1) DNAÀÇ Å»¼ö ÀúÀå 135
(2) ¹«Ã³¸® ¿©°úÁö(Guthrze Card)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ DNA º¸°ü 136
(3) ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®µÈ ¿©°úÁö(FTA filter)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ DNA º¸°ü 137
2.2. ³Ãµ¿°í ¹× ³Ãµ¿¸Åü 141
°¡. ¾×üÁú¼Ò ³Ãµ¿°í(liquid nitrogen freezer) 141
³ª. Àü±â/±â°èÀû ³Ãµ¿°í(electrical/mechanical freezer) 143
´Ù. µå¶óÀ̾ÆÀ̽º(dry ice) 144
2.3. ½Ã·á Á¾·ùº° ÀúÀå¹æ¹ý 144
°¡. Á¶Á÷(Tissue) 144
(1) µ¿°áÁ¶Á÷¹× OCT embodding Á¶Á÷ 146
(2) ÆĶóÇÉ ºí·Ï Á¶Á÷(formalin-fixel, paraffn-embedded tissue) 147
(3) ½½¶óÀ̵å Á¶Á÷ 147
³ª. ÀüÇ÷(Whole blood) 147
(1) °ÇÁ¶µÈ Ç÷¾× 147
(2) ¼¼Æ÷±â´É ¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀüÇ÷ÀÇ ÀúÀå 148
(3) DNA ÃßÃâÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀüÇ÷ÀÇ ÀúÀå 149
´Ù. Ç÷û°ú Ç÷Àå(Serum & Plasma) 149
(1) Ç÷û°ú Ç÷ÀåÀÇ ´Ü±âÀúÀå(short-term storage) 149
(2) Ç÷û°ú Ç÷ÀåÀÇ Àå±âÀúÀå(long-term storage) 150
¶ó. ´¢(Urine) 151
¸¶. Çٻ깰Áú (DNA, RNA) 151
(1) ÀúÀåµÈ ½Ã·á·ÎºÎÅÍ DNA ȸ¼ö 152
(2) RNA ºÐ¸®¸¦ À§ÇÑ ½Ã·á ÀúÀå 152
¹Ù. Ç÷±¸¼¼Æ÷ ¹× ºÒ¸êÈ ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ 153
»ç. ¹Ì»ý¹° 155
3. Á¤µµ°ü¸®/Ç°Áúº¸Áõ ÀϹÝ
3.1. Á¤µµ°ü¸®ÀÇ °³¿ä 163
°¡. Á¤µµ°ü¸®ÀÇ Á߿伺 163
³ª. Á¤µµ°ü¸®ÀÇ ¹üÀ§ 166
3.2. DNA ½Ã·áÀÇ Á¤µµ°ü¸® 167
°¡. DNAÀÇ ¹°¸®ÈÇÐÀû Ư¼º 167
(1) DNAÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿Í Èí±¤µµ 167
(2) DNAÀÇ °¡¼öºÐÇØ 169
³ª. DNAÀÇ ºÐÇØ ¹× ¼øµµ °Ë»ç 170
(1) EtBr ¿°»öÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Àü±â¿µµ¿¹ý 170
(2) ºÐ±¤Èí±¤µµ¹ý(UV-spectrophotometry) 170
(3) Çü±¤¿°»ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ DNA Á¤·®¹ý 171
(4) DNA Á¤µµ°ü¸® ±âÁØ 173
´Ù. °³Ã¼½Äº°(human identification)°ú STR ŸÀÌÇÎ 175
(1) STRÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ ¹× È°¿ë 175
(2) ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ STR profiling È°¿ë 178
(3) STR DNA typing ¹æ¹ý 179
¶ó. ¹Ì»ý¹° ¿À¿°°Ë»ç 181
(1) Human DNAÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° ¿À¿° °Ë»ç 181
(2) Human DNA½Ã·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ DNA ¿À¿°ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì 183
(3) ¾×üÁú¼ÒÅÊÅ© ³»ºÎÀÇ »óÀç ¹Ì»ý¹° ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ 185
3.3. ¼¼Æ÷ Á¤µµ°ü¸® (Cell Culture Quality Control) 188
°¡. ¼¼Æ÷ ¼ö ÃøÁ¤ ¹× »ýÁ¸À²(Viability) °Ë»ç 188
³ª. ¹è¾ç¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° ¿À¿° °Ë»ç 188
(1) ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ & °õÆÎÀÌ(Bacteria & fungal) ¿À¿° 189
(2) ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¿À¿° 190
(3) ¸¶ÀÌÄÚÇöóÁ(Mycoplasma) ¿À¿° 190
´Ù. °³Ã¼ ½Äº°¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±³Â÷¿À¿° È®ÀÎ (Authentification) 193
(1) ¼¼Æ÷ÇüÅ °üÂû 194
(2) Karyotyping(Cytogenetics) 194
(3) DNA Typing(À¯ÀüÀÚ °¨½Ä, DNA profiling) 194
(4) ±âŸ ½Äº° ¹æ¹ý 194
4. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© ÀÚµ¿È
4.1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© ÀÚµ¿ÈÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ 199
4.2 ÀÚµ¿Àνıâ¼ú(automatic identification) 201
°¡. RFID 202
(1) RFIDÀÇ °³¿ä 202
(2) RFIDÀÇ º¸±Þ°ú °úÁ¦ 202
³ª. ¹ÙÄÚµå (Barcode) 203
(1) ¹ÙÄÚµåÀÇ ¿ª»ç 203
(2) ¹ÙÄÚµåÀÇ Á¾·ù 205
(3) ¹ÙÄÚµå °ü·Ã ±â¼ú°³¹ß 213
(4) º¸°ÇÀÇ·á ¹ÙÄÚµå Ç¥ÁØÈ 214
´Ù. ·Îº¸Æ½½º ±â¹Ý ÀÚµ¿È(robotics-assisted automation) 216
4.3 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ ÀÚµ¿È ¿µ¿ª 216
°¡. ±â·Ï¹°ÀÇ Àü»êÈ(Compcoterity documentation) 216
³ª. ÀÚµ¿È Ç÷ÇÙ ºÐȹ ½Ã½ºÅÛ 217
´Ù. ÀÚµ¿È ÀÔÃâ°í ÀúÀå ½Ã½ºÅÛ 217
¶ó. DNA ÀÚµ¿ ÃßÃâ ¹× ºÐÁÖ ÀåÄ¡ 218
4.5 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ· ÀÚµ¿È »ç·Ê 220
°¡. Çѱ¹ÀÎüÀÚ¿øÀºÇà»ç¾÷ 22
³ª. UK Biobank: ½Ã·áó¸® ÀÚµ¿È ¼³ºñ 221
´Ù. Çѱ¹À¯ÅëÁ¤º¸½Ã½ºÅÛ(EAN Korea): Ãà»ê¹° ÀÌ·ÂÃßÀû½Ã½ºÅÛ 223
5. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© Á¤º¸ÇÐ ¹× ³×Æ®¿öÅ©
5.1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©¿Í Á¤º¸ÇÐ 227
5.2 º¸°ÇÀÇ·á µ¥ÀÌÅÍ Ç¥ÁØü°è 228
°¡. Ç¥ÁØ¿ë¾îü°è(Clinical vocabularies) 228
(1) ICD(International Classification of Diseases) 229
(2) UMLS(Unified Medical Language System) 229
(3) SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms) 230
(4) KOSTOM(KOrean Standard Terminology Of Medicine) 230
(5) ±âŸ Ç¥ÁØ¿ë¾îü°è 231
³ª. Ç¥ÁØȱⱸ 231
(1) ISO/TC 215 231
(2) HL7(Health Level 7) 232
´Ù. ¸ÞŸµ¥ÀÌÅÍ µî·ÏÇ¥ÁØ 232
5.3 ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¾ÆÅ°ÅØó(Network Architecture) 232
5.4 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© IT & Network Àû¿ë»ç·Ê 235
°¡. UK Biobank 235
(1) ¿µ±¹ÀÇ º¸°ÇÀǷἺñ½º ü°è(National Health Service) 235
(2) ÀÚ¿ø°ü¸®½Ã½ºÅÛ(LIMS) 235
(3) Data Access Application 236
³ª. caBIG(cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid) 237
´Ù. NBN(National Biospecimen Network) 239
Á¦ 3 Àå. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ °úÁ¦
1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡
2. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÄڹͽº¿Í ½Ã·áÀÇ Ç°Áú°ü¸®
2.1 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÄڹͽº¶õ? 245
2.2 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÄڹͽºÀÇ Àû¿ë´Ü°è 246
3. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ©ÀÇ ´ç¸é °úÁ¦
3.1 ÀÚ¿ø°ü¸® ½Ã½ºÅÛ 248
°¡. LIMS 248
³ª. ³ª³ë¹ÙÄÚµù(Nanobarcoding) 248
3.2 ½Ã·áÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º 249
°¡. Àå±âÀúÀå¿¡ µû¸¥ »ýüÁöÇ¥ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸ 249
³ª. Çص¿°úÁ¤¾øÀÌ µ¿°áÁ¶Á÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆÄ»ýÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÃßÃâ±â¼ú°³¹ß 250
3.3 ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© ¿î¿µ 250
°¡. À¯·¡¿Í È£ÇýÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© À±¸®¿øÄ¢ 250
³ª. Á¶È¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦Çù·Â 251
ºÎ·Ï(Appendix)
A1. ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ðÅ© °ü·Ã À¥»çÀÌÆ® 255
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