Preface
A Simple Experiment in Pipetting
Collecting Data
Standardizing Pipettes
Purpose and Design
Opening MINITAB
Arranging a Random Sequence
Collecting and Sorting the Observations
Pictorial Display
Descriptive Statistics
Summary
Further Notes
More About Random Numbers
How to Condense the Bulkiness of Data
Early Steps
Histograms, or Bar Charts
From Histogram to Normal Distribution
Areas Under a Normal Distribution Curve
Sample and Population
Summary
Further Notes
Standard Deviation
Variance
Standard Deviation and Normal Distribution
Precision and Accuracy
Are Those Differences Significant?
Signposting for Different Types of Data
One-way Analysis of Variance
Which Pipette is Different from Which?
Testing for Normality
Summary
Further Notes
Random-sampling Fluctuations
Null Hypothesis
More About Measurement Differences
Internal Anatomy of the 135 Pipetting Results
Summary Statistics
Two-way Analysis of Variance
Two-way ANOVA on Fewer Data
Student's t-Test
Summary
Awkward-Measurement Data
Awkwardness in Measurement Data
Standard Deviations Grossly Different
Skewed Distributions
Data Sets with Indefinite Values
Summary
How to Deal with Count Data
From Bacterial Colonies to Umbrellas Left on Buses
Total Cell Counts as a Worked Example
Poisson Distribution for Interpreting the
Helber Data
Changeable Shape of the Poisson Distribution
Standard Error and Confidence Intervals of
Counts
Analysis of Differences between Counts by
Chi-square
Application of ANOVA
Where Poisson Fails to Rule
Summary
Further Notes
Formula for the Poisson Distribution
Insights into Chi-square
Chi-square for Exploring Conformity to Poisson
How to Deal with Proportion Data
Developing a Sense of Proportion
Large-group Proportion Data
Small-group Proportion Data
Are Those Ampoules Sterile?
Most Probable Numbers in Microbial Counting
Is that Inheritance Mendelian?
Summary
Further Notes
Chi-square for 2 X 2 Contingency Table
Formula for the Binomial Distribution
Power Calculations for Group Size
Correlation and Regression
Preliminary Signposting
Correlation of Normally-distributed
Variables
Rank Correlation
Linear Regression
Additional Statistics of Linear Regression
Summary
Dose--Response Lines and Assays
Dose--Response Interpolation Assay
Four-Point Parallel Line Assay
Quantal-Response Assay
Summary
References
Additional Reading
Appendices: Statistical Tables and Figures
A1 Most probable numbers from three
successive tenfold dilutions, five tubes of each
A2 Most probable numbers from three
successive tenfold dilutions, eight tubes of each
A3 Significance of differences between proportions
Index