Table of Contents with New Discoveries and Methodologies

Part I. Chemical and Molecular Foundations
1. Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms
Model organisms Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (for study of flagella, chloroplast formation, photosynthesis, and phototaxis) and Plasmodium falciparum (novel organelles and a complex life cycle)

Intrinsically disordered proteins
Chaperone-guided folding and updated chaperone structures
Unfolded proteins and the amyloid state and disease
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS)
Phosphoproteomics

4. Culturing and Visualizing Cells
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Light sheet microscopy
Super resolution microscopy
3D culture matricies and 3D printing

Ribosome structural comparison across domains shows conserved core

CRISPR/Cas9 system in bacteria and its application in genomic editing

Chromosome conformation capture techniques reveal topological domains in chromosome territories within the nucleus

DNase I hypersensitivity mapping reveals cell developmental history
Long non-coding RNAs involved in X-inactivation in mammals
ENCODE databases

10. Post-transcriptional Gene Control
Improved discussion of mRNA degradation pathways and RNA surveillance in the cytoplasm
Nuclear bodies: P bodies, Cajal bodies, histone locus bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, and PML-nuclear bodies

GLUT1 molecular model and transport cycle

Expanded discussion of the pathway for import of PTS1-bearing proteins into the peroxisomal matrix

Expanded discussion of Rab proteins and their role in vesicle fusion with target membranes

Human G protein-coupled receptors of pharmaceutical importance

Wnt concentration gradients in planaria development and regeneration
Inflammatory hormones in adipose cell function and obesity
Regulation of insulin and glucagon function in control of blood glucose

Use of troponins as an indicator of the severity of a heart attack

Neurofilaments and keratins involved in skin integrity, epidermolysus bullosa simplex
New structures and understanding of function of dynein and dynactin

The Hippo pathway
Spindle checkpoint assembly and nondisjunction and aneuploidy in mice, and nondisjunction increases with maternal age

Expanded discussion of the functions of the extracellular matrix and the role of cells in assembling it
Mechanotransduction
Structure of cadherins and their cis and trans interactions
Cadherins as receptors for Class C rhinoviruses and asthma
Improved discussion of microfibrils in elastic tissue and in LTBP-mediated TGF-B signaling
Tunneling nanotubes
Functions of WAKs in plants as pectin receptors

Pluripotency of mouse ES cells and the potential of differentiated cells derived from iPS and ES cells in treating various diseases
Pluripotent ES cells in planaria
Cells in intestinal crypts can dedifferentiate to replenish intestinal stem cells
Cdc42 and feedback loops that control cell polarity

Prokaryotic voltage-gated Na+ channel structure, allowing comparison with voltage-gated K+ channels
Optogenetics techniques for linking neural circuits with behavior
Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that govern learning and memory

Inflammasomes and non-TLR nucleic sensors
Expanded discussion of somatic hypermutation
Improved discussion of the MHC molecule classes, MHC-peptide complexes and their interactions with T-cells
Lineage commitment of T cells
Tumor immunology

The characteristics of cancer cells and how they differ from normal cells
How carcinogens lead to mutations and how mutations accumulate to cancer